Liver transplantation - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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Celsius) to slow of anaerobic metabolic breakdown. An alternative method involves machine perfusion, in which oxygenated, preservation solutions are continually pumped through the liver prior to transplantation. This is currently being investigated with cold (hypothermic), body temperature (normothermic), and under body temperature (subnormothermic) preservation solutions. Hypothermic machine perfusion has been used successfully at Columbia University and at the University of Zurich. A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing normothermic machine preservation with conventional cold storage showed less donor liver injury, less discarded donor livers (due to suboptimal condition), better early function, and longer preservation times compared with static cold stored livers. Graft survival and patient survival after transplant were similar with both approaches. Machine perfusion prior to transplant is associated with decreased tissue re-perfusion ischemic injury (a process in which liver cells are damaged as a statically stored liver is re-perfused after transplant) as well as a decreased risk of intrahepatic biliary strictures.

150:, although availability of donor organs is a major limitation. The most common technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and replaced by the donor organ in the same anatomic position as the original liver. The surgical procedure is complex, requiring careful harvest of the donor organ and meticulous implantation into the recipient. Liver transplantation is highly regulated, and only performed at designated transplant medical centers by highly trained transplant physicians and supporting medical team. Favorable outcomes require careful screening for eligible recipients, as well as a well-calibrated live or deceased donor match.1343:

Transplant Program, said that the hospital "must consider issues of substance abuse seriously", but the transplant center did not seriously consider whether Mr. Smith was "using" cannabis versus "abusing" it. In 2012, Cedars-Sinai denied a liver transplant to a second patient, Toni Trujillo, after her Cedars-Sinai doctors knew and approved of her legal use of medical cannabis. In both cases, the patients acceded to the hospital's demand and stopped using cannabis, despite its therapeutic benefits for them, but were both sent back to the bottom of the transplant list. Smith's death inspired

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conceptualized as consisting of the hepatectomy (liver removal) phase, the anhepatic (no liver) phase, and the postimplantation phase. The operation is done through a large incision in the upper abdomen. The hepatectomy involves division of all ligamentous attachments to the liver, as well as the common bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic vein and portal vein. Usually, the retrohepatic portion of the inferior vena cava is removed along with the liver, although an alternative technique preserves the recipient's vena cava ("piggyback" technique).

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optimization, reducing the risk of graft failure. NRP can be established either abdominally or thoracoabdominally, depending on the intended organs for transplantation, with specific techniques and monitoring protocols in place to ensure optimal outcomes. Clinical outcomes of NRP in DCD organ transplantation have shown promising results, particularly in kidney and liver transplantation, with lower rates of complications and improved graft survival compared to traditional preservation methods. Through the utilization of NRP,

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291:) of the allograft may happen at any time. Rejection may present with lab findings: elevated AST, ALT, GGT; abnormal liver function values such as prothrombin time, ammonia level, bilirubin level, albumin concentration; and abnormal blood glucose. Physical findings may include encephalopathy, jaundice, bruising and bleeding tendency. Other nonspecific presentation may include malaise, anorexia, muscle ache, low fever, slight increase in white blood count and graft-site tenderness.527:

383:, until the allograft liver is implanted. Implantation involves anastomoses (connections) of the inferior vena cava, portal vein, and hepatic artery. After blood flow is restored to the new liver, the biliary (bile duct) anastomosis is constructed, either to the recipient's own bile duct or to the small intestine. The surgery usually takes between five and six hours, but may be longer or shorter due to the difficulty of the operation and the experience of the surgeon.176:) for adults and the Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease (PELD score) for children younger than 12 years old are clinical scoring tools that take various clinical criteria into consideration and are used to assess the need for a liver transplant. Higher scores for each clinical scoring tool indicates a higher severity of liver disease, and thus a greater need for a liver transplant. In those with chronic liver disease, a decompensating event such as510:; they are more common after removal of the right lobe of the liver. Death after LDLT has been reported at 0% (Japan), 0.3% (USA) and <1% (Europe), with risks likely to decrease further as surgeons gain more experience in this procedure. Since the law was changed to permit altruistic non-directed living organ donations in the UK in 2006, the first altruistic living liver donation took place in Britain in December 2012.591:

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infant or small child. Further developments in this area included split liver transplantation, in which one liver is used for transplants for two recipients, and living donor liver transplantation, in which a portion of a healthy person's liver is removed and used as the allograft. Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric recipients involves removal of approximately 20% of the liver (

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785:, Professor of Surgery Cambridge, markedly improved patient outcomes, and the 1980s saw recognition of liver transplantation as a standard clinical treatment for both adult and pediatric patients with appropriate indications. Liver transplantation is now performed at over one hundred centers in the US, as well as numerous centres in Europe and elsewhere.29:

274:, fulminant liver failure with suspected brain injury, alcohol use disorder with recent alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, inadequate social support, and nonadherence to medical management may disqualify someone from liver transplantation, however these cases are usually evaluated by the multi-disciplinary transplant team on an individual basis.1287:

viral sequences and host immune response. The findings demonstrated active replication of iciHHV-6B within the graft tissue and significant immune activation, suggesting the pathological impact of viral reactivation on transplant outcomes. The study highlights the importance of monitoring iciHHV-6 reactivation in liver transplant recipients.

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the unwanted effects of cold ischemia. Although "static" cold storage method has long been standard technique, various dynamic preservation methods are under investigation. For example, systems which use a machine to pump blood through the explanted liver (after it is harvested from the body) during a transfer have met some success (

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lower-quality organs compared to those from donation after brain death (DBD). To mitigate these issues, there has been a rising interest in normothermic regional perfusion (NRP), a technique that temporarily restores oxygenated blood flow to organs after death, thereby improving their viability prior to recovery.

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as a self-inflicted disease and the perception that those with alcohol-induced damage are depriving other patients who could be considered more deserving. It is an important part of the selection process to differentiate transplant candidates who have alcohol use disorder as opposed to those who were

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The prognosis following liver transplant is variable, depending on overall health, technical success of the surgery, and the underlying disease process affecting the liver. There is no exact model to predict survival rates; those with transplant have a 58% chance of surviving 15 years. Failure of the

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Before one becomes a living donor, the donor must undergo testing to ensure that the individual is physically fit, in excellent health, and not having uncontrolled high blood pressure, liver disease, diabetes or heart disease. Sometimes CT scans or MRIs are done to image the liver. In most cases, the

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The large majority of liver transplants use the entire liver from a non-living donor for the transplant, particularly for adult recipients. A major advance in pediatric liver transplantation was the development of reduced size liver transplantation, in which a portion of an adult liver is used for an

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Although liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for many forms of end-stage liver disease, the tremendous limitation in allograft (donor) availability and widely variable post-surgical outcomes make case selection critically important. Assessment of a person's transplant eligibility is

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Liver transplantation is unique in that the risk of chronic rejection also decreases over time, although the great majority of recipients need to take immunosuppressive medication for the rest of their lives. It is possible to be slowly taken off anti rejection medication but only in certain cases.

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Nasralla, D; Coussios, CC; Mergental, H; Akhtar, MZ; Butler, AJ; Ceresa, CDL; Chiocchia, V; Dutton, SJ; García-Valdecasas, JC; Heaton, N; Imber, C; Jassem, W; Jochmans, I; Karani, J; Knight, SR; Kocabayoglu, P; Malagò, M; Mirza, D; Morris, PJ; Pallan, A; Paul, A; Pavel, M; Perera, MTPR; Pirenne, J;

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Medical criteria for transplant often require "lack of substance abuse". The changing status of cannabis has resulted in many patients who never abused any substance -- merely used one -- either being turned down for transplants, forced to stop a useful medicine suggested by their doctors, or both.

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Living donors are faced with risks and/or complications after the surgery. Blood clots and biliary problems have the possibility of arising in the donor post-op, but these issues are remedied fairly easily. Although death is a risk that a living donor must be willing to accept prior to the surgery,

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In a typical adult recipient LDLT, 55 to 70% of the liver (the right lobe) is removed from a healthy living donor. The donor's liver will regenerate approaching 100% function within 4–6 weeks, and will almost reach full volumetric size with recapitulation of the normal structure soon thereafter. It

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in 2024 investigated the reactivation of inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6B) in a liver transplant recipient and its impact on the graft. The research, conducted by Hannolainen et al., utilized hybrid capture sequencing and various molecular techniques to analyze the

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In children, living liver donor transplantation has become very accepted. The accessibility of adult parents who want to donate a piece of the liver for their children/infants has reduced the number of children who would have otherwise died waiting for a transplant. Having a parent as a donor also

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Between removal from donor and transplantation into the recipient, the allograft liver is stored in a temperature-cooled preservation solution. The reduced temperature slows down the process of deterioration from normal metabolic processes, and the storage solution itself is designed to counteract

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Liver transplantation is a potential treatment for acute or chronic conditions which cause irreversible and severe ("end-stage") liver dysfunction. Since the procedure carries relatively high risks, is resource-intensive, and requires major life modifications after surgery, it is reserved for dire

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have achieved successful transplantation of livers that have undergone extensive warm ischemic periods of up to 2.5 hours prior to recovery. This has resulted in biliary complication and graft survival rates comparable to those observed in controlled DCD livers that have experienced significantly

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As with many experimental models used in early surgical research, the first attempts at liver transplantation were performed on dogs. The earliest published reports of canine liver transplantations were performed in 1954 by Vittorio Staudacher at Opedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan, Italy. This

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Living donor transplantation is a multidisciplinary approach. All living liver donors undergo medical evaluation. Every hospital which performs transplants has dedicated nurses that provide specific information about the procedure and answer questions that families may have. During the evaluation

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in November 1989, when two-year-old Alyssa Smith received a portion of her mother's liver. Surgeons eventually realized that adult-to-adult LDLT was also possible, and now the practice is common in a few reputable medical institutes. It is considered more technically demanding than even standard,

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Adam R, McMaster P, O'Grady JG, Castaing D, Klempnauer JL, Jamieson N, Neuhaus P, Lerut J, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Muhlbacher F, Rogiers X, Garcia Valdecasas JC, Berenguer J, Jaeck D, Moreno Gonzalez E (2003). "Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant

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While ethical considerations remain, especially regarding the use of NRP in controlled DCD scenarios, ongoing research aims to address these concerns and expand the application of NRP to other organ types, ultimately increasing the availability of viable organs for transplantation and improving

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Biliary complications include biliary stenosis, biliary leak, and ischemic cholangiopathy. The risk of ischemic cholangiopathy increases with longer durations of cold ischemia time, which is the time that the organ does not receive blood flow (after death/removal until graft placement). Biliary

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The first step in evaluation is to determine whether the patient has irreversible liver-based disease which will be cured by getting a new liver. Thus, those with diseases which are primarily based outside the liver or have spread beyond the liver are generally considered poor candidates. Some

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patient Norman Smith. They removed Mr. Smith from a transplant waiting list for "non-compliance of our substance abuse contract", despite his own oncologist at Cedars-Sinai having recommended that he use the cannabis for his pain and chemotherapy. Dr. Steven D. Colquhoun, director of the Liver

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There is increasing interest in improving methods for allograft preservation following organ harvesting. The standard "static cold storage" technique relies on flushing a liver with a preservation solution and then placing it in static cold storage at a decreased temperature (usually 4 degrees

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DuBay, D. A., Sandroussi, C., Kachura, J. R., Ho, C. S., Beecroft, J. R., Vollmer, C. M., Ghanekar, A., Guba, M., Cattral, M. S., McGilvray, I. D., Grant, D. R., & Greig, P. D. (2011). Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. HPB: the

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NRP works by reversing the detrimental effects of warm ischemia on cellular energy substrates and antioxidants, thereby reconditioning the organs before transplantation. This technique, often facilitated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology, allows for organ assessment and

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process, confidentiality is assured on the potential donor. Every effort is made to ensure that organ donation is not made by coercion from other family members. The transplant team provides both the donor and family thorough counseling and support which continues until full recovery is made.

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performed for evaluation of a potential donor. The image shows an unusual variation of hepatic artery. The left hepatic artery supplies not only left lobe but also segment 8. The anatomy makes right lobe donation impossible. Even used as left lobe or lateral segment donation, it would be very

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Due to both the pharmacological immunosuppression and the immunosuppression of underlying liver disease, vaccinations against vaccination-preventable diseases are highly recommended before and after liver transplantation. Vaccine hesitancy in transplant recipients is less than in the general

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Donation after circulatory death (DCD) has become an increasingly important source of organs for transplantation, with categories ranging from uncontrolled to controlled DCD (cDCD) donors. Despite its growing use, DCD organs generally suffer from warm ischemia injuries, leading to fewer and

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or bioartificial liver support concepts are currently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Virtually all liver transplants are done in an orthotopic fashion; that is, the native liver is removed and the new liver is placed in the same anatomic location. The transplant operation can be

752:) occurs in 10% to 15% of all cases. These percentages are contributed to by many complications. Early graft failure is probably due to preexisting disease of the donated organ. Others include technical flaws during surgery such as revascularization that may lead to a nonfunctioning graft.663:

All donors are assessed medically to ensure that they can undergo the surgery. Blood type of the donor and recipient must be compatible but not always identical. Other things assessed prior to surgery include the anatomy of the donor liver. However, even with mild variations in

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However, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), people with HIV have much improved prognosis. HIV controlled with HAART is no longer a contraindication to liver transplantation. Uncontrolled HIV disease (AIDS) remains an absolute contraindication.

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partial treatment of liver cancer, such that risk of spread beyond liver is decreased (for those with primary liver cancer or secondary spread to the liver, the medical team will likely rely heavily on the opinion of the patient's primary provider, the oncologist, and the

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who was able to survive for over one year before dying of metastatic disease. Despite the development of viable surgical techniques, liver transplantation remained experimental through the 1970s, with one year patient survival in the vicinity of 25%. The introduction of

704:. Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. If the patient has a co-morbidity such as active hepatitis B, high doses of hepatitis B immunoglubins are administered in liver transplant patients.394:

Further advance in liver transplant involves only resection of the lobe of the liver involved in tumors and the tumor-free lobe remains within the recipient. This speeds up the recovery and the patient stay in the hospital quickly shortens to within 5–7 days.

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susceptible to non-dependent alcohol use. The latter who gain control of alcohol use have a good prognosis following transplantation. Once a diagnosis of alcoholism has been established, however, it is necessary to assess the likelihood of future sobriety.

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may be possible to remove up to 70% of the liver from a healthy living donor without harm in most cases. The transplanted portion will reach full function and the appropriate size in the recipient as well, although it will take longer than for the donor.

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the mortality rate of living donors in the United States is low. The LDLT donor's immune system does diminish as a result of the liver regenerating, so certain foods which would normally cause an upset stomach could cause serious illness.

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O'Grady, J. G.; Burroughs, A.; Hardy, P.; Elbourne, D.; Truesdale, A.; The UK and Ireland Liver Transplant Study Group (2002). "Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomised controlled trial".

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to lobby for the California Medical Cannabis Organ Transplant Act (AB 258), which was enacted in July 2015 to protect future patients from dying at the hands of medical establishments prejudiced against the legal use of medical cannabis.

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Historically, LDLT began with terminal pediatric patients, whose parents were motivated to risk donating a portion of their compatible healthy livers to replace their children's failing ones. The first report of successful LDLT was by

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Historically, HIV was considered an absolute contraindication to liver transplantation. This was in part due to concern that the infection would be worsened by the immunosuppressive medication which is required after transplantation.

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Importantly, many contraindications to liver transplantation are considered reversible; a person initially deemed "transplant-ineligible" may later become a favorable candidate if the circ*mstances change. Some examples include:

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has placed limits on cadaveric organ allocation to foreigners who seek medical help in the USA. With the availability of living donor transplantation, this will now allow foreigners a new opportunity to seek medical care in the

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initial attempt varied significantly from contemporary techniques; for example, Staudacher reported "arterialization" of the donor portal vein via the recipient hepatic artery, and use of cholecystostomy for biliary drainage.

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someone with advanced liver cancer, with known/likely spread beyond the liver. Or those with cancer of any type, if the cancer cannot be treated successfully without rendering them unsuitable for transplant (other than skin

359:, stenosis, pseudoaneurysm, and rupture of the hepatic artery. Venous complications occur less often compared with arterial complications, and include thrombosis or stenosis of the portal vein, hepatic vein, or vena cava.772:, although the pediatric patient died intraoperatively due to uncontrolled bleeding. Multiple subsequent attempts by various surgeons remained unsuccessful until 1967, when Starzl transplanted a 19-month-old girl with2137:

Costantino A, Invernizzi F, Centorrino E, Vecchi M, Lampertico P, Donato MF. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Liver Transplant Recipients. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Nov 11;9(11):1314. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111314.

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Umesh*ta, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Kiyosawa, K.; Makuuchi, M.; Satomi, S.; Sugimachi, K.; Tanaka, K.; Monden, M.; Japanese Liver Transplantation Society (2003). "Operative morbidity of living liver donors in Japan".

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during or after surgery. All potential donors should know there is a 0.5 to 1.0 percent chance of death. Other risks of donating a liver include bleeding, infection, painful incision, possibility of

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Fondevila, C.; Hessheimer, A.J.; Flores, E.; Ruiz, A.; Mestres, N.; Calatayud, D.; Paredes, D.; Rodríguez, C.; Fuster, J.; Navasa, M.; Rimola, A.; Taurá, P.; García-Valdecasas, J.C. (January 2012).

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or related procedure) on a healthy human being. In various case series, the risk of complications in the donor is around 10%, and very occasionally a second operation is needed. Common problems are

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Clavien, Pierre-Alain; Breitenstein, Stefan; Belghiti, Jacques; Chari, Ravi S.; Llovet, Josep M.; Lo, Chung-Mau; Morse, Michael A.; Takayama, Tadatoshi; Vauthey, Jean-Nicolas (23 September 2011).

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Fondevila, C.; Hessheimer, A.J.; Ruiz, A.; Calatayud, D.; Ferrer, J.; Charco, R.; Fuster, J.; Navasa, M.; Rimola, A.; Taurá, P.; Ginés, P.; Manyalich, M.; García-Valdecasas, J.C. (July 2007).

473:. In LDLT, a piece of healthy liver is surgically removed from a living person and transplanted into a recipient, immediately after the recipient's diseased liver has been entirely removed.2458:

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Busuttil, R. W.; De Carlis, L. G.; Mihaylov, P. V.; Gridelli, B.; Fassati, L. R.; Starzl, T. E. (2012-06-01). "The First Report of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in the Western World".

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drugs are used. The immunosuppressive regimens for all solid organ transplants are fairly similar, and a variety of agents are now available. Most liver transplant recipients receive

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is the presence of any sign and symptom of rejection after one year. The cause of chronic rejection is still unknown, but an acute rejection is a strong predictor of chronic rejections.

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Hannolainen, Leo; Pyöriä, Lari; Pratas, Diogo; Lohi, Jouko; Skuja, Sandra; Rasa-Dzelzkaleja, Santa; Murovska, Modra; Hedman, Klaus; Jahnukainen, Timo; Perdomo, Maria Fernanda (2024).

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A 2014 study showed that the liver preservation time could be significantly extended using a supercooling technique, which preserves the liver at subzero temperatures (-6°C)

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Berendsen, Tim A; Bruinsma, Bote G; Puts, Catheleyne F; Saeidi, Nima; Usta, O Berk; Uygun, Basak E; Izamis, Maria-Louisa; Toner, Mehmet; Yarmush, Martin L; Uygun, Korkut (2014).

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mediated pathways. Acute rejection is the most common and the primary target of immunosuppressive agents. Acute rejection is usually seen within days or weeks of the transplant.

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population. Vaccinations are preferably administered to the recipient before the transplant, as post-transplant immunosuppression leads to reduced vaccine effectiveness.

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that matches or is compatible with the recipient's, although some centres now perform blood group incompatible transplants with special immunosuppression protocols.

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Eghtesad B, Kadry Z, Fung J (2005). "Technical considerations in liver transplantation: what a hepatologist needs to know (and every surgeon should practice)".

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The Toronto Video Atlas of Liver, Pancreas and Transplant Surgery – Living Donor Right Posterior Sectionectomy (Segments 6/7) Liver Transplant video (donor)

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672:, surgeons today are able to perform transplantation without problems. The most important criterion for a living liver donor is to be in excellent health.5302:

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severe heart/lung disease, whether it is primary heart/lung disease, or brought on by the liver disease (unless the team thinks they can still proceed)

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Ravikumar, R; Russell, L; Upponi, S; Watson, CJE; Weissenbacher, A; Ploeg, RJ; Friend, PJ; Consortium for Organ Preservation in, Europe. (May 2018).

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is caused by preformed anti-donor antibodies. It is characterized by the binding of these antibodies to antigens on vascular endothelial cells.

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Any member of the family, parent, sibling, child, spouse or a volunteer can donate their liver. The criteria for a liver donation include:

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infection. The concept of LDLT is based on (1) the remarkable regenerative capacities of the human liver and (2) the widespread shortage of

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has led to a recurring controversy regarding the eligibility of such patients for liver transplant. The controversy stems from the view of

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cadaveric donor liver transplantation, and also poses the ethical problems underlying the indication of a major surgical operation (

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is involved and the effect is usually profound. Hyperacute rejection happens within minutes to hours after the transplant procedure.

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The Toronto Video Atlas of Liver, Pancreas and Transplant Surgery – Living Donor Left Lateral Lobe Liver Transplant video (donor)

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Tuttle-Newhall JE, Collins BH, Desai DM, Kuo PC, Heneghan MA (2005). "The current status of living donor liver transplantation".

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has made it a lot easier for children – because both patients are in the same hospital and can help boost each other's morale.

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The Toronto Video Atlas of Liver, Pancreas and Transplant Surgery – Living Donor Right Lobe Liver Transplant video (recipient)

799:. The first altruistic living liver donation in Britain was performed in December 2012 in St James University Hospital Leeds.367:

Before transplantation, liver-support therapy might be indicated (bridging-to-transplantation). Artificial liver support like

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There are fewer possibilities for complications and death than there would be while waiting for a cadaveric organ donor

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There are several advantages of living liver donor transplantation over cadaveric donor transplantation, including:

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It is theorized that the liver may play a yet-unknown role in the maturation of certain cells pertaining to the

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made by a multi-disciplinary team that includes surgeons, medical doctors, psychologists and other providers.

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Judging the appropriateness/effectiveness of liver transplant on case-by-case basis is critically important (

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Ho, Cheng-Maw; Lee, Po-Huang; Cheng, Wing Tung; Hu, Rey-Heng; Wu, Yao-Ming; Ho, Ming-Chih (December 2016).

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and a prolonged recovery. The vast majority of donors enjoy complete and full recovery within 2–3 months.

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Three types of graft rejection may occur: hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection.

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2697:"Letter from Brenda Durand, RN, Liver Transplant Clinical Coordinator at Cedars-Sinai, to Norman Smith"2599:"Reactivation of a transplant recipient's inherited human herpesvirus 6 and implications to the graft"4799:

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Piardi, T; Lhuaire, M; Bruno, O; Memeo, R; Pessaux, P; Kianmanesh, R; Sommacale, D (8 January 2016).

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2550:"Applicability and Results of Maastricht Type 2 Donation After Cardiac Death Liver Transplantation"1650:

Lucey, Michael R.; Furuya, Katryn N.; Foley, David P. (16 November 2023). "Liver Transplantation".

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The donor's blood in the liver will be replaced by an ice-cold organ storage solution, such as UW (

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2755:"Norman Smith: Cancer Patient Taken Off Of Liver Transplant List Because Of Medical Marijuana Use"4668:

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from non-living donors relative to the number of potential recipients spurred the development of

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2405:"Supercooling enables long-term transplantation survival following 4 days of liver preservation"1477:

Reddy, Mettu Srinivas; Varghese, Joy; Venkataraman, Jayanthi; Rela, Mohamed (27 November 2013).

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Haddad, E. M.; McAlister, V. C.; Renouf, E.; Malthaner, R.; Kjaer, M. S.; Gluud, L. L. (2006).

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2676:

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2522:

2474:

2434:

2377:

2278:

2226:

2218:

2009:

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2005:

2003:

2001:

1870:

1837:

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1700:

1667:

1601:

1568:

1510:

1459:

1405:

970:

701:

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5238:

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3375:

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3336:

3301:

3260:

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3020:

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2416:

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1439:

1395:

1385:

1339:

1220:

1137:

717:

595:

470:

271:

2457:

J. Hessheimer, Amelia; Fondevila, Constantino (2019-12-04), S. Firstenberg, Michael (ed.),

5276:

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5027:

4814:

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4700:

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4663:

4650:

4602:

4129:

3976:

3829:

3811:

3729:

3719:

3520:

3290:"Liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors: current status and future prospects"2101:

2083:

2064:

2059:, National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), Retrieved on 2010-01-20.2020:

1810:

official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association, 13(1), 24–32.

1025:

959:

946:

499:

495:

343:

complications are routinely treated with Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (

2782:

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5281:

5108:

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4622:

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1479:"Matching donor to recipient in liver transplantation: Relevance in clinical practice"590:

5296:

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4587:

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4259:

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4170:

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2779:"Second Medical Marijuana Patient Denied Transplant by Cedars-Sinai in the Last Year"2566:

2517:

2214:

2148:"Liver transplants result in excellent survival rates for patients with liver cancer"1133:

1109:

984:

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3602:

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5169:

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2104:, University of Southern California Department of Surgery, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.1811:

1087:

1078:

1047:

1031:

1014:

916:

885:

840:

831:

478:

426:

320:

266:

support, large liver cancers or those with invasion to blood vessels, intrahepatic

3251:

Nadalin S, Malagò M, etal. (2007). "Current trends in live liver donation".

639:

Transplant can be done on an elective basis because the donor is readily available

103:

3578:

3408:

1864:

1831:

574:

Living donor surgery is done at a major center. Very few individuals require any

401:

of the liver tumor can be used as a bridge while awaiting liver transplantation.

89:

5159:

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4978:

4846:

4841:

4826:

4690:

4577:

4560:

4538:

4528:

4432:

4264:

3923:

3857:

2013:

1769:

Mazza, Giuseppe; De Coppi, Paolo; Gissen, Paul; Pinzani, Massimo (August 2015).

1426:

Memeo, R; Piardi, T; Sangiuolo, F; Sommacale, D; Pessaux, P (18 December 2015).

1211:

894:

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823:

778:

725:

697:

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1770:

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700:, (also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin) plus a purine antagonist such as5222:

5164:

5141:

4908:

4776:

4555:

4533:

3597:

3379:

3024:

2373:

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1161:

1069:

1060:

1056:

937:

881:

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44:

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2598:

2470:

2273:

2256:

1933:

5019:

4822:

4733:

4723:

4680:

4610:

4414:

1993:

Living Donor Liver Transplantation FAQ - Columbia University Dept of Surgery

1897:"Patient Stories – University of Chicago Medicine Comer Children's Hospital"1444:

1301:

1105:

1096:

920:

792:

782:

732:

669:

507:

446:

434:, which can be used to evaluate the volume of the liver of a potential donor143:

139:

3488:

3459:

3416:

3387:

3358:

3315:

3272:

3235:

3198:

3163:

3112:

3069:

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2948:

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2282:

2230:

1796:

1755:

1671:

1572:

1514:

1495:

1463:

1409:

2575:

2526:

2350:"A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation"2222:

1686:

1663:

1553:

5090:

4831:

4307:

4001:

3214:

Martinez OM, Rosen HR (2005). "Basic concepts in transplant immunology".

1390:

1198:

728:

388:

324:

222:

3614:

3565:

2808:

2805:"Medical Marijuana Patient Norman Smith Passes, But Not Without a Fight"1830:

Chakravarty, Dilip; Chakravarty, Dilip K.; Lee, W. C. (9 October 2010).

287:

After a liver transplantation, immune-mediated rejection (also known as

113:

28:

4467:

607:

530:

466:

442:

376:

185:

3441:

3340:

3145:

1300:

The high incidence of liver transplants given to those with alcoholic

5184:

4748:

3425:

3366:

Strong RW (2006). "Living-donor liver transplantation: an overview".

3324:

3306:

3289:

3227:

3189:

3172:

3129:

3061:

555:

Being between 20 and 60 years old (18 to 60 years old in some places)

316:

312:

3130:"Antiviral therapy of HCV in the cirrhotic and transplant candidate"2420:

2831:"Law Eases Organ Transplant Process For Medical Marijuana Patients"552:

Having a charitable desire of donation without financial motivation

4953:

1192:(1962–2020), American documentary filmmaker and environmentalist,789:

765:

589:

525:

425:

238:

cessation of substance use (time period of abstinence is variable)

135:

2125:

1428:"Management of biliary complications after liver transplantation"3981:

2459:"Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Solid Organ Transplantation"1920:

646:

344:

4347:

3618:

3515:

3426:"Management of HBV Infection in Liver Transplantation Patients"3173:"Psychiatric and psychosocial aspects of liver transplantation"2885:"Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients"3288:

Reddy S, Zilvetti M, Brockmann J, McLaren A, Friend P (2004).

2113:

1722:"Succinct guide to liver transplantation for medical students"1005:

602:

required for a "split" liver transplant: hepaticojejunostomy (

453:

often attributable to one or more of the following: long-term

262:

Other conditions, including hemodynamic instability requiring

2075:

1537:"Indications and contraindications for liver transplantation"2014:

Who can be a Donor? - University of Maryland Medical Center

534:

technically challenging in anastomosing the small arteries.

2781:. Americans for Safe Access. June 11, 2012. Archived from2463:

Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Volume 3

558:

Have an important personal relationship with the recipient

445:

option for patients with end stage liver disease, such as

216:

anatomic abnormalities that prevent liver transplantation

66:, biliary stenosis, biliary leak, ischemic cholangiopathy1934:"First UK live liver donation to a stranger takes place"3325:"Management of HCV infection and liver transplantation"680:

Like most other allografts, a liver transplant will be

485:

Faculty of Medicine in July 1989. It was followed by

2095:

Liver Transplant Program And Center for Liver Disease

949:(1969–2018), American Major League Baseball pitcher (731:

taken from such patients which demonstrate genotypic

347:), percutaneous drainage, or sometimes re-operation.3555:

3510:

319:-mediated hyperacute rejection). It involves direct5247:

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5183:

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5089:

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4242:

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4117:

4081:

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3962:

3892:

3866:

3838:

3810:

3685:

3652:

3588:

3559:

1274:outcomes for patients with end-stage organ disease1090:(1948–2005), American musician and rodeo champion,735:in the bone marrow of liver transplant recipients.441:(LDLT) has emerged in recent decades as a critical192:may also signal a new need for a liver transplant.142:). Liver transplantation is a treatment option for96:

82:

70:

54:

38:

21:

3467:Vohra V (2006). "Liver transplantation in India".2318:"Liver kept 'alive' outside body in medical first"561:Being of similar or larger size than the recipient2257:"Liver transplantation: past, present and future"796:

2730:"Medical marijuana jeopardizes liver transplant"2261:Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology1812:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00228.x2057:What I need to know about Liver Transplantation4278:List of organ transplant donors and recipients2303:

818:List of organ transplant donors and recipients4999:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt4359:

3630:

1645:

1643:

1641:

1639:

1637:

8:

3879:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder3087:"Live donor liver transplantation in adults"2255:Zarrinpar, Ali; Busuttil, Ronald W. (2013).1635:

1633:

1631:

1629:

1627:

1625:

1623:

1621:

1619:

1617:

1121:(1949–2002), American p*rnographic actress (746:primary nonfunction in liver transplantation3511:UNOS: United Network of Organ Sharing, U.S.2848:Graham, Jay A.; Guarrera, James V. (2015).2807:. Americans for Safe Access. Archived from1705:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (1606:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (897:(1933–2020), English television presenter,5137:

4949:

4646:

4406:

4397:

4366:

4352:

4344:

4078:

3637:

3623:

3615:

3556:

3521:History of pediatric liver transplantation2627:"Do Alcoholics Deserve Liver Transplants?"1223:(1968), American vocalist and songwriter (1149:(1954–2018), Canadian comedian and actor (955:transplant in 2018 (survival <6 months)768:liver transplant was performed in 1963 by27:

3449:

3348:

3305:

3188:

3153:

3102:

2908:

2865:

2610:

2565:

2516:

2428:

2272:

1786:

1745:

1562:

1552:

1504:

1494:

1453:

1443:

1399:

1389:

1216:transplant in 2014 (survival: <1 year)1207:transplant in 2013 (survival: <1 year)1142:transplant in 1995 (survival: <1 year)1099:(born 1928), Korean-American journalist,4805:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization1367:

1365:

1363:

1361:

942:transplant in 1994 (survival <1 year)856:(1946–2005), Northern-Irish footballer (413:

254:

33:A healthy human liver removed at autopsy4962:Artificial extracorporeal liver support2889:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews2250:

2248:

1535:Varma, V; Mehta, N; Kumaran, V (2011).1530:

1528:

1526:

1524:

1421:

1419:

1357:

1194:transplant in 1993 (survival: 27 years)1172:transplant in 1994 (survival: 23 years)1136:(1931–1995), American baseball player (1129:transplant in 1987 (survival: 15 years)1081:(1938–2007), American stunt performer,1043:transplant in 1995 (survival: 17 years)1010:transplant in 2002 (survival: 20 years)929:transplant in 1994 (survival: 28 years)899:transplant in 2001 (survival: 19 years)890:transplant in 2003 (survival: 11 years)877:transplant in 2004 (survival: 10 years)241:improvement in heart function, e.g. by172:The Model for End Stage Liver Disease (2681:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (2674:

1698:

1599:

1185:transplant in 1992 (survival: 9 years)1157:transplant in 2013 (survival: 5 years)1092:transplant in 2000 (survival: 5 years)1083:transplant in 1999 (survival: 8 years)1065:transplant in 2009 (survival: 2 years)997:transplant in 2004 (survival: 2 years)912:transplant in 1993 (survival: 7 years)862:transplant in 2002 (survival: 3 years)849:transplant in 2010 (survival: 7 years)606:drainage connecting to a roux limb of165:

18:

2452:

2450:

2448:

692:plus a calcineurin inhibitor such as7:

4517:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery814:Category:Liver transplant recipients491:University of Chicago Medical Center430:Volume rendering image created with169:), as outcomes are highly variable.4566:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy4374:Tests and procedures involving the4028:Canadian Society of Transplantation4023:American Society of Transplantation3536:Children's Liver Disease Foundation3526:Liver Donation Surgery and Recovery2753:Kathleen Miles (December 5, 2011).2554:American Journal of Transplantation2505:American Journal of Transplantation2203:American Journal of Transplantation1541:International Journal of Hepatology1072:(born 1972), American snowboarder,1059:(1955–2011), American businessman (109:

5004:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure3481:10.1097/01.aia.0000210810.77663.572702:. February 1, 2011. Archived from2603:The Journal of Infectious Diseases1687:"Dr hutchinson - Powerofpulse.com"1284:The Journal of Infectious Diseases1050:(born 1951), Indonesian minister,906:(1932–2000), American politician (869:(1959–2014), American journalist (808:Famous liver transplant recipients797:living donor liver transplantation594:In children, due to their smaller439:Living donor liver transplantation243:percutaneous coronary intervention14:

5303:Accessory digestive gland surgery3531:Facts about Liver Transplantation3104:10.1097/01.tp.0000235171.17287.f22174:"Statistics about organ donation"2076:Liver Donor: All you need to know1588:"Liver transplantation procedure"987:(1937–2006), American musician ("925:Crosby Stills, Nash (& Young)716:. There is at least one study by676:Post-transplant immunosuppression190:spontaneous bacterial peritonitis3954:United Network for Organ Sharing3939:National Transplant Organization3265:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00424.x2728:Anna Gorman (December 3, 2011).2567:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03834.x2518:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01846.x2215:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04026.x1815:

1201:(1942–2013), American musician (1179:(1935–2001), American musician (1108:(born 1940), American musician (1004:(1943–2023), American wrestler (936:(1925–1995), British zookeeper (919:(1941–2023), American musician (884:(1943–2014), Scottish musician (843:(1947–2017), American musician (826:(born 1979), French footballer (4795:Lateral internal sphincterotomy4061:Organ transplantation in Israel3128:Herrine SK, Navarro VJ (2006).2316:Kelland, Kate (15 March 2013).1771:"Hepatic regenerative medicine"1652:New England Journal of Medicine1252:Normothermic Regional Perfusion962:(born 1944), American actress (461:infection, long-term untreated355:Vascular complications include4502:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty4453:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe4066:Organ transplantation in Japan4044:Organ transplantation in China4018:American Society of Nephrology3171:Krahn LE, DiMartini A (2005).2901:10.1002/14651858.CD005161.pub22803:Kris Hermes (August 9, 2012).1726:Annals of Medicine and Surgery1214:(1969–2014), Indian musician,989:Before the Next Teardrop Falls58:Primary nonfunction of graft,1:

4884:Lower gastrointestinal series4628:Upper gastrointestinal series3949:Trillium Gift of Life Network3929:National Marrow Donor Program3368:J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg3323:Schiano TD, Martin P (2006).2979:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14230-42941:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11196-21338:denied a liver transplant to1267:Hospital Universitario La Paz1164:(1930–2017), American actor (1017:(1931–2012), American actor (993:Wasted Days and Wasted Nights908:42nd Governor of Pennsylvania565:work up is done in 2–3 weeks.469:livers for patients awaiting16:Type of organ transplantation5150:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage4869:Double-contrast barium enema4696:Partial ileal bypass surgery4573:Esophagogastric dissociation3987:Halachic Organ Donor Society3914:Gift of Life Marrow Registry3409:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2004.12.0031901:www.uchicagokidshospital.org645:Because of donor shortages,422:Living donor transplantation213:active illicit substance use4967:Bioartificial liver devices4894:Transrectal ultrasonography3992:Kidney Foundation of Canada2078:, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.1483:World Journal of Hepatology1432:World Journal of Hepatology1378:World Journal of Hepatology1336:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center5331:

4889:Small-bowel follow-through4757:Abdominoperineal resection4616:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy3997:National Kidney Foundation3848:Non-heart-beating donation2867:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.0192829:Katie Orr (July 6, 2015).2304:Graham & Guarrera 20152047:, Retrieved on 2021-05-05.2035:, Retrieved on 2010-01-20.2023:, Retrieved on 2018-06-10.1995:, Retrieved on 2018-06-10.1788:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.0011738:10.1016/j.amsu.2016.11.0041278:Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation5249:Clinical prediction rules5155:Intraperitoneal injection4859:Abdominal ultrasonography4767:Total mesorectal excision4686:Intestine transplantation4476:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube4458:High resolution manometry4448:Esophageal motility study4382:

4273:

3874:Graft-versus-host disease3516:American Liver Foundation3380:10.1007/s00534-005-1076-y3025:10.1016/j.lts.2003.09.0182374:10.1038/s41586-018-0047-91869:. John Wiley & Sons.1345:Americans for Safe Access1181:The Mamas & the Papas586:Pediatric transplantation130:is the replacement of a110:

60:hepatic artery thrombosis26:

5104:Pancreas transplantation4762:Lower anterior resection4443:Esophageal pH monitoring4385:Digestive system surgery3944:NHS Blood and Transplant2471:10.5772/intechopen.847712274:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.881836:. Boydell & Brewer.1685:imtiaj158 (2024-03-13).1586:imtiaj158 (2024-03-15).1002:"Superstar" Billy Graham845:The Allman Brothers Band722:University of Pittsburgh684:by the recipient unless451:hepatocellular carcinoma5198:Inguinal hernia surgery5114:Pancreaticoduodenectomy4497:Adjustable gastric band4438:Impedance–pH monitoring4313:Immunosuppressive drugs4049:Organ donation in India1445:10.4254/wjh.v7.i29.2890872:The Wall Street Journal483:University of São Paulo399:Radiofrequency ablation251:treated HIV infection (144:end-stage liver disease128:hepatic transplantation5228:Exploratory laparotomy5043:Hepatoportoenterostomy4507:Gastric bypass surgery4376:human digestive system4333:Frankenstein's monster4328:Total body irradiation4054:Gurgaon kidney scandal3919:Human Tissue Authority2612:10.1093/infdis/jiae2682152:innovations-report.com1866:Malignant Liver Tumors1496:10.4254/wjh.v5.i11.6031334:For example, in 2011,1203:The Velvet Underground1167:The Andy Griffith Show788:The limited supply of623:

535:

457:, long-term untreated435:

351:Vascular complications178:hepatic encephalopathy64:portal vein thrombosis5313:Organ transplantation5203:Femoral hernia repair4989:Liver transplantation4583:Nissen fundoplication4318:Lung allocation score4255:Jean-Michel Dubernard3904:BC Transplant Society3646:Organ transplantation3603:Liver transplantation2854:Journal of Hepatology1833:Liver Transplantation1775:Journal of Hepatology1664:10.1056/NEJMra22009231282:A study published in938:Durrell Wildlife Park739:Recovery and outcomes702:mycophenolate mofetil593:

529:

429:

338:Biliary complications303:Complement activation138:from another person (124:Liver transplantation22:Liver transplantation4800:Rubber band ligation4739:Hartmann's operation4125:J. Hartwell Harrison3884:Transplant rejection3469:Int Anesthesiol Clin3424:Vierling JM (2005).2835:Capital Public Radio2785:on February 23, 20132709:on December 25, 20112181:organdonation.nhs.uk1921:Umesh*ta et al. 20031391:10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.361270:less warm ischemia.764:The first attempted655:Screening for donors542:Being in good health455:alcohol use disorder299:Hyperacute rejection5175:Peritoneal dialysis4994:Portal hypertension4899:Virtual colonoscopy4874:Endoanal ultrasound4790:Anorectal manometry4785:Anal sphincterotomy4729:Colonic polypectomy4524:Collis gastroplasty4234:André van der Merwe4218:Richard C. Lillehei3893:Transplant networks3677:Xenotransplantation3672:Autotransplantation3660:Allotransplantation2935:(9340): 1119–1125.2759:The Huffington Post2366:2018Natur.557...50N2126:O'Grady et al. 20022045:Post Operative Care1554:10.4061/2011/1218621291:Special populations1235:Research directions965:The Donna Reed Show803:Society and culture724:which consisted of432:computed tomography391:segments 2 and 3).278:Risks/complications255:Special populations148:acute liver failure4669:Jejunoileal bypass4512:Sleeve gastrectomy4089:Christiaan Barnard3687:Organs and tissues3589:External resources2811:on August 15, 20122114:Haddad et al. 20062100:2009-10-16 at the2082:2010-01-13 at the2063:2011-06-10 at the2019:2010-01-10 at the1296:Alcohol dependence1229:transplant in 20161114:transplant in 19981101:transplant in 19921074:transplant in 20001052:transplant in 1987980:transplant in 2000836:transplant in 2012828:Olympique Lyonnais624:

620:inferior vena cava576:blood transfusions536:

522:Donor requirements487:Christoph Broelsch436:

268:cholangiocarcinoma205:examples include:49:Transplant surgery5290:

5289:

5235:Rapid urease test5211:

5210:

5127:

5126:

5119:Puestow procedure5081:Cholescintigraphy4939:

4938:

4935:

4934:

4927:Stool guaiac test4837:Capsule endoscopy4659:Bariatric surgery4636:

4635:

4551:Gastroenterostomy4492:Bariatric surgery4341:

4340:

4323:Machine perfusion4303:Edmonton protocol4298:Biomedical tissue4286:

4285:

4197:Vladimir Demikhov4099:Adrian Kantrowitz3853:Organ procurement3612:

3611:

3442:10.7150/ijms.2.413341:10.7150/ijms.3.793146:10.7150/ijms.3.752973:(9385): 687–690.2837:. Sacramento, CA.2734:Los Angeles Times2480:978-1-78923-923-22154:. 28 October 20031940:. 23 January 20131658:(20): 1888–1900.1230:

1217:

1208:

1195:

1186:

1173:

1158:

1143:

1130:

1115:

1102:

1093:

1084:

1075:

1066:

1053:

1044:

1011:

998:

981:

956:

943:

930:

913:

900:

891:

878:

863:

858:Manchester United850:

837:

686:immunosuppressive618:anastomosis, and331:Chronic rejection196:Contraindications182:variceal bleeding166:Contraindications134:with the healthy121:

120:

5320:

5272:Child–Pugh score5239:Urea breath test5138:

5099:Frey's procedure5076:Cholecystography4950:

4647:

4482:Nasogastric tube4407:

4398:

4368:

4361:

4354:

4345:

4145:Michael Woodruff4079:

3812:Medical grafting3639:

3632:

3625:

3616:

3557:

3500:

3463:

3453:

3420:

3391:

3362:

3352:

3319:

3309:

3307:10.1002/lt.202683284:

3247:

3228:10.1002/lt.204063210:

3192:

3190:10.1002/lt.205783167:

3157:

3124:

3106:

3081:

3062:10.1002/lt.205293044:

2998:

2960:

2922:

2912:

2879:

2869:

2839:

2838:

2826:

2820:

2819:

2817:

2816:

2800:

2794:

2793:

2791:

2790:

2775:

2769:

2768:

2766:

2765:

2750:

2744:

2743:

2741:

2740:

2725:

2719:

2718:

2716:

2714:

2708:

2701:

2693:

2687:

2686:

2680:

2672:

2670:

2669:

2663:

2657:. Archived from2656:

2648:

2642:

2641:

2639:

2637:

2631:Psychology Today2623:

2617:

2616:

2614:

2594:

2588:

2587:

2569:

2545:

2539:

2538:

2520:

2511:(7): 1849–1855.2496:

2490:

2489:

2488:

2487:

2454:

2443:

2442:

2432:

2400:

2394:

2393:

2344:

2338:

2337:

2335:

2333:

2328:on 17 March 20132324:. Archived from2313:

2307:

2301:

2295:

2294:

2276:

2252:

2243:

2242:

2209:(6): 1385–1387.2198:

2192:

2191:

2189:

2187:

2178:

2170:

2164:

2163:

2161:

2159:

2144:

2138:

2135:

2129:

2123:

2117:

2111:

2105:

2092:

2086:

2073:

2067:

2054:

2048:

2042:

2036:

2033:Liver Transplant2030:

2024:

2011:

1996:

1990:

1975:

1974:

1972:

1970:

1956:

1950:

1949:

1947:

1945:

1930:

1924:

1918:

1912:

1911:

1909:

1907:

1893:

1887:

1886:

1884:

1883:

1860:

1854:

1853:

1851:

1850:

1827:

1821:

1820:

1819:

1807:

1801:

1800:

1790:

1766:

1760:

1759:

1749:

1717:

1711:

1710:

1704:

1696:

1694:

1693:

1682:

1676:

1675:

1647:

1612:

1611:

1605:

1597:

1595:

1594:

1583:

1577:

1576:

1566:

1556:

1532:

1519:

1518:

1508:

1498:

1474:

1468:

1467:

1457:

1447:

1423:

1414:

1413:

1403:

1393:

1369:

1340:medical cannabis1326:Medical cannabis1228:

1221:Mike IX Williams1215:

1206:

1193:

1184:

1171:

1156:

1141:

1138:New York Yankees1128:

1113:

1100:

1091:

1082:

1073:

1064:

1051:

1042:

1009:

996:

979:

954:

941:

928:

911:

898:

889:

876:

861:

848:

835:

718:Thomas E. Starzl616:hepatic arterial596:abdominal cavity414:Research section311:is mediated by114:edit on Wikidata106:

92:

31:

19:

5330:

5329:

5323:

5322:

5321:

5319:

5318:

5317:

5293:

5292:

5291:

5286:

5277:Ranson criteria5243:

5207:

5179:

5123:

5085:

5054:Cholangiography5050:Medical imaging5033:Cholecystostomy5028:Cholecystectomy5010:

4931:

4903:

4815:Medical imaging4809:

4771:

4743:

4705:

4701:Strictureplasty4676:Bowel resection4664:Duodenal switch4632:

4603:Medical imaging4597:

4462:

4393:Digestive tract4387:

4378:

4372:

4342:

4337:

4282:

4269:

4238:

4222:

4206:

4175:

4149:

4130:John P. Merrill4113:

4070:

4032:

4011:Joint societies4006:

3977:Blood Cancer UK3964:

3958:

3896:

3894:

3888:

3862:

3834:

3830:Vascular bypass3806:

3681:

3648:

3643:

3613:

3608:

3607:

3584:

3583:

3568:

3507:

3466:

3423:

3397:Curr Probl Surg3394:

3365:

3322:

3300:(10): 1223–32.3287:

3250:

3213:

3183:(10): 1157–68.3170:

3127:

3091:Transplantation3085:Fan ST (2006).3084:

3047:

3019:(12): 1231–43.3009:

3006:

3004:Further reading3001:

2963:

2925:

2895:(4): CD005161.2882:

2847:

2843:

2842:

2828:

2827:

2823:

2814:

2812:

2802:

2801:

2797:

2788:

2786:

2777:

2776:

2772:

2763:

2761:

2752:

2751:

2747:

2738:

2736:

2727:

2726:

2722:

2712:

2710:

2706:

2699:

2695:

2694:

2690:

2673:

2667:

2665:

2661:

2654:

2652:"Archived copy"2650:

2649:

2645:

2635:

2633:

2625:

2624:

2620:

2596:

2595:

2591:

2547:

2546:

2542:

2498:

2497:

2493:

2485:

2483:

2481:

2456:

2455:

2446:

2421:10.1038/nm.35882409:Nature Medicine2402:

2401:

2397:

2360:(7703): 50–56.2346:

2345:

2341:

2331:

2329:

2315:

2314:

2310:

2302:

2298:

2254:

2253:

2246:

2200:

2199:

2195:

2185:

2183:

2176:

2172:

2171:

2167:

2157:

2155:

2146:

2145:

2141:

2136:

2132:

2124:

2120:

2112:

2108:

2102:Wayback Machine2093:

2089:

2084:Wayback Machine2074:

2070:

2065:Wayback Machine2055:

2051:

2043:

2039:

2031:

2027:

2021:Wayback Machine2012:

1999:

1991:

1978:

1968:

1966:

1960:"Living Donors"1958:

1957:

1953:

1943:

1941:

1932:

1931:

1927:

1919:

1915:

1905:

1903:

1895:

1894:

1890:

1881:

1879:

1877:

1862:

1861:

1857:

1848:

1846:

1844:

1829:

1828:

1824:

1814:

1808:

1804:

1768:

1767:

1763:

1719:

1718:

1714:

1697:

1691:

1689:

1684:

1683:

1679:

1649:

1648:

1615:

1598:

1592:

1590:

1585:

1584:

1580:

1534:

1533:

1522:

1489:(11): 603–611.1476:

1475:

1471:

1425:

1424:

1417:

1371:

1370:

1359:

1354:

1328:

1315:

1298:

1293:

1280:

1254:

1242:

1237:

1026:Harry and Tonto974:) and singer ("960:Shelley Fabares947:Vaughn Eshelman904:Robert P. Casey810:

805:

758:

741:

720:'s team at the690:corticosteroids678:

657:

633:

588:

572:

524:

500:biliary fistula496:hemihepatectomy424:

407:

365:

353:

340:

309:Acute rejection285:

283:Graft rejection280:

198:

159:circ*mstances.156:

117:

102:

88:

34:

17:

12:

11:

5:

5328:

5327:

5324:

5316:

5315:

5310:

5305:

5295:

5294:

5288:

5287:

5285:

5284:

5282:Milan criteria5279:

5274:

5269:

5264:

5259:

5253:

5251:

5245:

5244:

5242:

5241:

5232:

5231:

5230:

5219:

5217:

5213:

5212:

5209:

5208:

5206:

5205:

5200:

5195:

5189:

5187:

5181:

5180:

5178:

5177:

5172:

5167:

5162:

5157:

5152:

5146:

5144:

5135:

5133:Abdominopelvic5129:

5128:

5125:

5124:

5122:

5121:

5116:

5111:

5109:Pancreatectomy5106:

5101:

5095:

5093:

5087:

5086:

5084:

5083:

5078:

5073:

5072:

5071:

5066:

5061:

5046:

5045:

5040:

5035:

5030:

5024:

5022:

5012:

5011:

5009:

5008:

5007:

5006:

5001:

4991:

4986:

4981:

4976:

4975:

4974:

4972:Liver dialysis4969:

4958:

4956:

4947:

4941:

4940:

4937:

4936:

4933:

4932:

4930:

4929:

4924:

4919:

4917:Fecal fat test4913:

4911:

4905:

4904:

4902:

4901:

4896:

4891:

4886:

4881:

4876:

4871:

4866:

4861:

4855:

4854:

4849:

4844:

4839:

4834:

4829:

4819:

4817:

4811:

4810:

4808:

4807:

4802:

4797:

4792:

4787:

4781:

4779:

4773:

4772:

4770:

4769:

4764:

4759:

4753:

4751:

4745:

4744:

4742:

4741:

4736:

4731:

4726:

4721:

4715:

4713:

4707:

4706:

4704:

4703:

4698:

4693:

4688:

4683:

4678:

4673:

4672:

4671:

4666:

4655:

4653:

4644:

4642:Lower GI tract4638:

4637:

4634:

4633:

4631:

4630:

4625:

4623:Barium swallow4620:

4619:

4618:

4607:

4605:

4599:

4598:

4596:

4595:

4593:Schilling test4590:

4585:

4580:

4575:

4570:

4569:

4568:

4558:

4553:

4548:

4547:

4546:

4541:

4536:

4526:

4521:

4520:

4519:

4514:

4509:

4504:

4499:

4489:

4487:Gastric lavage4484:

4479:

4472:

4470:

4464:

4463:

4461:

4460:

4455:

4450:

4445:

4440:

4435:

4430:

4428:Heller myotomy4425:

4419:

4417:

4404:

4402:Upper GI tract4395:

4389:

4388:

4383:

4380:

4379:

4373:

4371:

4370:

4363:

4356:

4348:

4339:

4338:

4336:

4335:

4330:

4325:

4320:

4315:

4310:

4305:

4300:

4294:

4292:

4291:Related topics4288:

4287:

4284:

4283:

4281:

4280:

4274:

4271:

4270:

4268:

4267:

4262:

4257:

4252:

4246:

4244:

4240:

4239:

4237:

4236:

4230:

4228:

4224:

4223:

4221:

4220:

4214:

4212:

4208:

4207:

4205:

4204:

4202:James D. Hardy4199:

4194:

4192:Joel D. Cooper4189:

4183:

4181:

4177:

4176:

4174:

4173:

4168:

4166:James D. Hardy4163:

4157:

4155:

4151:

4150:

4148:

4147:

4142:

4140:Elizabeth Ward4137:

4132:

4127:

4121:

4119:

4115:

4114:

4112:

4111:

4109:Norman Shumway4106:

4101:

4096:

4094:James D. Hardy4091:

4085:

4083:

4076:

4072:

4071:

4069:

4068:

4063:

4058:

4057:

4056:

4046:

4040:

4038:

4034:

4033:

4031:

4030:

4025:

4020:

4014:

4012:

4008:

4007:

4005:

4004:

3999:

3994:

3989:

3984:

3979:

3974:

3968:

3966:

3960:

3959:

3957:

3956:

3951:

3946:

3941:

3936:

3931:

3926:

3921:

3916:

3911:

3909:Eurotransplant3906:

3900:

3898:

3895:and government3890:

3889:

3887:

3886:

3881:

3876:

3870:

3868:

3864:

3863:

3861:

3860:

3855:

3850:

3844:

3842:

3840:Organ donation3836:

3835:

3833:

3832:

3827:

3822:

3816:

3814:

3808:

3807:

3805:

3804:

3799:

3794:

3789:

3784:

3779:

3774:

3773:

3772:

3762:

3757:

3752:

3747:

3742:

3737:

3732:

3727:

3722:

3717:

3712:

3707:

3702:

3697:

3691:

3689:

3683:

3682:

3680:

3679:

3674:

3669:

3668:

3667:

3656:

3654:

3650:

3649:

3644:

3642:

3641:

3634:

3627:

3619:

3610:

3609:

3606:

3605:

3593:

3592:

3590:

3586:

3585:

3582:

3581:

3569:

3564:

3563:

3561:

3560:Classification3554:

3553:

3548:

3543:

3538:

3533:

3528:

3523:

3518:

3513:

3506:

3505:External links3503:

3502:

3501:

3464:

3421:

3392:

3363:

3320:

3285:

3248:

3211:

3168:

3125:

3082:

3045:

3005:

3002:

3000:

2999:

2961:

2923:

2880:

2860:(2): 418–431.2844:

2841:

2840:

2821:

2795:

2770:

2745:

2720:

2688:

2643:

2618:

2589:

2560:(1): 162–170.2540:

2491:

2479:

2465:, IntechOpen,2444:

2415:(7): 790–793.2395:

2339:

2308:

2296:

2267:(7): 434–440.2244:

2193:

2165:

2139:

2130:

2118:

2106:

2087:

2068:

2049:

2037:

2025:

1997:

1976:

1951:

1925:

1913:

1888:

1875:

1855:

1842:

1822:

1802:

1781:(2): 523–524.1761:

1712:

1677:

1613:

1578:

1520:

1469:

1438:(29): 2890–5.1415:

1356:

1355:

1353:

1350:

1327:

1324:

1314:

1311:

1297:

1294:

1292:

1289:

1279:

1276:

1253:

1250:

1241:

1238:

1236:

1233:

1232:

1231:

1218:

1209:

1196:

1187:

1174:

1159:

1147:Mike MacDonald1144:

1131:

1119:Linda Lovelace1116:

1103:

1094:

1085:

1076:

1067:

1054:

1045:

1038:Primary Colors1012:

999:

982:

957:

951:Boston Red Sox944:

934:Gerald Durrell931:

914:

901:

892:

879:

864:

851:

838:

809:

806:

804:

801:

774:hepatoblastoma757:

754:

740:

737:

677:

674:

656:

653:

652:

651:

643:

640:

632:

629:

587:

584:

571:

568:

567:

566:

562:

559:

556:

553:

550:

543:

523:

520:

504:gastric stasis423:

420:

406:

403:

369:liver dialysis364:

361:

352:

349:

339:

336:

335:

334:

328:

306:

284:

281:

279:

276:

260:

259:

249:

247:bypass surgery239:

236:

227:

226:

220:

217:

214:

211:

197:

194:

155:

152:

132:diseased liver119:

118:

111:

108:

107:

100:

94:

93:

86:

80:

79:

74:

68:

67:

56:

52:

51:

42:

36:

35:

32:

24:

23:

15:

13:

10:

9:

6:

4:

3:

2:

5326:

5325:

5314:

5311:

5309:

5306:

5304:

5301:

5300:

5298:

5283:

5280:

5278:

5275:

5273:

5270:

5268:

5265:

5263:

5260:

5258:

5255:

5254:

5252:

5250:

5246:

5240:

5236:

5233:

5229:

5226:

5225:

5224:

5221:

5220:

5218:

5214:

5204:

5201:

5199:

5196:

5194:

5193:Hernia repair5191:

5190:

5188:

5186:

5182:

5176:

5173:

5171:

5168:

5166:

5163:

5161:

5158:

5156:

5153:

5151:

5148:

5147:

5145:

5143:

5139:

5136:

5134:

5130:

5120:

5117:

5115:

5112:

5110:

5107:

5105:

5102:

5100:

5097:

5096:

5094:

5092:

5088:

5082:

5079:

5077:

5074:

5070:

5067:

5065:

5062:

5060:

5057:

5056:

5055:

5051:

5048:

5047:

5044:

5041:

5039:

5036:

5034:

5031:

5029:

5026:

5025:

5023:

5021:

5017:

5013:

5005:

5002:

5000:

4997:

4996:

4995:

4992:

4990:

4987:

4985:

4982:

4980:

4977:

4973:

4970:

4968:

4965:

4964:

4963:

4960:

4959:

4957:

4955:

4951:

4948:

4946:

4942:

4928:

4925:

4923:

4922:Fecal pH test4920:

4918:

4915:

4914:

4912:

4910:

4906:

4900:

4897:

4895:

4892:

4890:

4887:

4885:

4882:

4880:

4877:

4875:

4872:

4870:

4867:

4865:

4862:

4860:

4857:

4856:

4853:

4852:Sigmoidoscopy4850:

4848:

4845:

4843:

4840:

4838:

4835:

4833:

4830:

4828:

4824:

4821:

4820:

4818:

4816:

4812:

4806:

4803:

4801:

4798:

4796:

4793:

4791:

4788:

4786:

4783:

4782:

4780:

4778:

4774:

4768:

4765:

4763:

4760:

4758:

4755:

4754:

4752:

4750:

4746:

4740:

4737:

4735:

4732:

4730:

4727:

4725:

4722:

4720:

4717:

4716:

4714:

4712:

4708:

4702:

4699:

4697:

4694:

4692:

4689:

4687:

4684:

4682:

4679:

4677:

4674:

4670:

4667:

4665:

4662:

4661:

4660:

4657:

4656:

4654:

4652:

4648:

4645:

4643:

4639:

4629:

4626:

4624:

4621:

4617:

4614:

4613:

4612:

4609:

4608:

4606:

4604:

4600:

4594:

4591:

4589:

4588:Pyloromyotomy4586:

4584:

4581:

4579:

4576:

4574:

4571:

4567:

4564:

4563:

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